Application of Water Quality Index in Assessing water Quality: A Case Study of the Shatt Al Arab River.
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Abstract
This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in the Shatt Al-Arab River, located in the Basrah province of southern Iraq, from 2017 to 2022. Its quality should be assessed regularly, and the condition of water resources should be maintained accordingly. The most common analytical method for describing and assessing general water quality is the Water Quality Index (WQI). Various physicochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and total alkalinity are considered for the present study. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Technique is used to evaluate these data. For checking the portability of the parameters within the acceptable limit, WHO is adopted. According to the study mentioned above, the quality has been found to be very low compared to the WQI value. It is also observed that the water was found unsuitable for drinking purposes, and it is considered harmful to human health; therefore, it requires some kind of processing before use. This study will be beneficial to policymakers for identifying and providing details about water quality in the form of a specific value.
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References
Kumar P (2018) Simulation of Gomti River (Lucknow City, India) future water quality under different mitigation strategies. Heliyon 4:e01074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01074.
Zhang L (2017) Different methods for the evaluation of surface water quality: the case of the Liao River, Liaoning Province, China. Int Rev Spat Plan Sustain Dev 5:4–18. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.5.4_4.
Zhao, E., Kuo, Y.-M., and Chen, N., Assessment of water quality under various environmental features using a site-specific weighting water quality index. Science of The Total Environment, 2021. 783: p. 146868.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146868.
Uddin, M. G., Nash, S., and Olbert, A. I., A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 2021. 122: p. 107218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218.
Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, Jacobs JA, Sawant A (2019) Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecol Indic 101:348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034.
Britto FB, do Vasco AN, Aguiar Netto ADO, Garcia CAB, Moraes GFO, Silva MGD (2018) Surface water quality assessment of the main tributaries in the lower São Francisco River, Sergipe. RBRH 23:6–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.231820170061.
Nayak, J.G.; Patil, L.G.; Palki, V.K. Artificial neural network based water quality index(WQI) for rover Godavari (India). Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 81,212-220.
Hamlat A, Guidoum A, Koulala I (2017) Status and trends of water quality in the Tafna catchment: a comparative study using water quality indices. J Water Reuse Desal 7:228–245. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.155.
Kachroud, M.: Trolard, F.: Kefi, M.; Jebari, S.; Bourrie, G. Water Quality Indices: Challenges and Application Limits in the Literature. Water 2019, 11, 361.
Yan, T.; Shen, S.L.; Zhon, A. Indices and models of surface water quality assessment: Review and perspectives. Environ. Pollut. 2022, 308, 119611.
Patki, V. K.; Jahagirdar, S.; Patil, Y. M.; Karale, R.; Nadagoud, A. Prediction of water quality in municipal distribution system. Mater. Today Proc. 2022.
Islam, M.S.; Azadi, M.A.; Nasiuddin, M; Islam, M. S. Water quality index of Halda River, Southeastern Bangladesh. Am. J. Environ. Eng. 2020, 10, 59-68.
Abulhaija, M.M.; Mohammad, A.H. Assessing Water Quality of Kufranja Dam (Jordan) for Drinking and Irrigation: Application of the Water Quality Index. J. Ecol. Eng. 2021, 22, 159-175.
Tokatli, C. Application of water quality ondex for drinking purposes in dam lakes: A case study of thrace region. Sigma J. Eng, Nat. Sci. 2020, 38, 393-402.
Kachroud M, Trolard F, Kefi M, Jebari S, Bourrié G (2019a) Water quality indices: challenges and application limits in the literature. Water 11:361. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020361.
Shah KA, Joshi GS (2017) Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat. India Appl Water Sci 7:1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7.
Zolghadr, M.; Zomorodian, S. M. A.; Fathi, A.; Tripathi, R.P.; Jafari, N.; Mehta, D.; Sihag, P.; Azamathulla, H. M. Experimental Study on the Optimum Installation Depth and Dimensions of Roughening Elements on Abutment as Scour Counter measure. Fluids 2023, 8, 175.
Mehta, D. J.; Yadav, S. Meteorological drough analysis in Pali District of Rajasthan State using standard precptation index. Int. J. Hydrol. Sci Technol. 2023, 15, 1-10.
Federation, W. E. and Association, A., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA, 2012. 22.
WHO Guidelines for Drinking- Water Quality. Third Edition Volume 1. Recommendation World Health Organisation. Geneva. (2004).
Paun I, Cruceru L, Chiriac FL, Niculescu M, Vasile GG, Marin NM (2016) Water quality indices—methods for evaluating the quality of drinking water. In: Proceedings of the 19th INCD ECOIND International Symposium—SIMI 2016, “The Environment and the Industry”, Bucharest, Romania, 13–14 October 2016: 395–402. https://doi.org/10.21698/simi.2016.0055.
Tripathi M, Singal SK (2019) Allocation of weights using factor analysis for development of a novel water quality index. Ecotox Environ Safe 183:109510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109510.
Jena V, Dixit S, Gupta S (2013) Assessment of water quality index of industrial area surface water samples. Int J Chemtech Res 5:278–283.
Yogendra K, Puttaiah ET (2008) Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban waterbody in Shimoga Town, Karnataka. Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th world lake conference 342: 346.
Kumar P (2018) Simulation of Gomti River (Lucknow City, India) future water quality under different mitigation strategies. Heliyon 4:e01074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01074.
Zhang L (2017) Different methods for the evaluation of surface water quality: the case of the Liao River, Liaoning Province, China. Int Rev Spat Plan Sustain Dev 5:4–18. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.5.4_4.
Zhao, E., Kuo, Y.-M., and Chen, N., Assessment of water quality under various environmental features using a site-specific weighting water quality index. Science of The Total Environment, 2021. 783: p. 146868.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146868.
Uddin, M. G., Nash, S., and Olbert, A. I., A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 2021. 122: p. 107218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218.
Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, Jacobs JA, Sawant A (2019) Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecol Indic 101:348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034.
Britto FB, do Vasco AN, Aguiar Netto ADO, Garcia CAB, Moraes GFO, Silva MGD (2018) Surface water quality assessment of the main tributaries in the lower São Francisco River, Sergipe. RBRH 23:6–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.231820170061.
Nayak, J.G.; Patil, L.G.; Palki, V.K. Artificial neural network based water quality index(WQI) for rover Godavari (India). Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 81,212-220.
Hamlat A, Guidoum A, Koulala I (2017) Status and trends of water quality in the Tafna catchment: a comparative study using water quality indices. J Water Reuse Desal 7:228–245. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.155.
Kachroud, M.: Trolard, F.: Kefi, M.; Jebari, S.; Bourrie, G. Water Quality Indices: Challenges and Application Limits in the Literature. Water 2019, 11, 361.
Yan, T.; Shen, S.L.; Zhon, A. Indices and models of surface water quality assessment: Review and perspectives. Environ. Pollut. 2022, 308, 119611.
Patki, V. K.; Jahagirdar, S.; Patil, Y. M.; Karale, R.; Nadagoud, A. Prediction of water quality in municipal distribution system. Mater. Today Proc. 2022.
Islam, M.S.; Azadi, M.A.; Nasiuddin, M; Islam, M. S. Water quality index of Halda River, Southeastern Bangladesh. Am. J. Environ. Eng. 2020, 10, 59-68.
Abulhaija, M.M.; Mohammad, A.H. Assessing Water Quality of Kufranja Dam (Jordan) for Drinking and Irrigation: Application of the Water Quality Index. J. Ecol. Eng. 2021, 22, 159-175.
Tokatli, C. Application of water quality ondex for drinking purposes in dam lakes: A case study of thrace region. Sigma J. Eng, Nat. Sci. 2020, 38, 393-402.
Kachroud M, Trolard F, Kefi M, Jebari S, Bourrié G (2019a) Water quality indices: challenges and application limits in the literature. Water 11:361. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020361.
Shah KA, Joshi GS (2017) Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat. India Appl Water Sci 7:1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7.
Zolghadr, M.; Zomorodian, S. M. A.; Fathi, A.; Tripathi, R.P.; Jafari, N.; Mehta, D.; Sihag, P.; Azamathulla, H. M. Experimental Study on the Optimum Installation Depth and Dimensions of Roughening Elements on Abutment as Scour Counter measure. Fluids 2023, 8, 175.
Mehta, D. J.; Yadav, S. Meteorological drough analysis in Pali District of Rajasthan State using standard precptation index. Int. J. Hydrol. Sci Technol. 2023, 15, 1-10.
Federation, W. E. and Association, A., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA, 2012. 22.
WHO Guidelines for Drinking- Water Quality. Third Edition Volume 1. Recommendation World Health Organisation. Geneva. (2004).
Paun I, Cruceru L, Chiriac FL, Niculescu M, Vasile GG, Marin NM (2016) Water quality indices—methods for evaluating the quality of drinking water. In: Proceedings of the 19th INCD ECOIND International Symposium—SIMI 2016, “The Environment and the Industry”, Bucharest, Romania, 13–14 October 2016: 395–402. https://doi.org/10.21698/simi.2016.0055.
Tripathi M, Singal SK (2019) Allocation of weights using factor analysis for development of a novel water quality index. Ecotox Environ Safe 183:109510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109510.
Jena V, Dixit S, Gupta S (2013) Assessment of water quality index of industrial area surface water samples. Int J Chemtech Res 5:278–283.
Yogendra K, Puttaiah ET (2008) Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban waterbody in Shimoga Town, Karnataka. Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th world lake conference 342: 346.
Kumar P (2018) Simulation of Gomti River (Lucknow City, India) future water quality under different mitigation strategies. Heliyon 4:e01074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01074.
Zhang L (2017) Different methods for the evaluation of surface water quality: the case of the Liao River, Liaoning Province, China. Int Rev Spat Plan Sustain Dev 5:4–18. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.5.4_4.
Zhao, E., Kuo, Y.-M., and Chen, N., Assessment of water quality under various environmental features using a site-specific weighting water quality index. Science of The Total Environment, 2021. 783: p. 146868.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146868.
Uddin, M. G., Nash, S., and Olbert, A. I., A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 2021. 122: p. 107218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218.
Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, Jacobs JA, Sawant A (2019) Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecol Indic 101:348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034.
Britto FB, do Vasco AN, Aguiar Netto ADO, Garcia CAB, Moraes GFO, Silva MGD (2018) Surface water quality assessment of the main tributaries in the lower São Francisco River, Sergipe. RBRH 23:6–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.231820170061.
Nayak, J.G.; Patil, L.G.; Palki, V.K. Artificial neural network based water quality index(WQI) for rover Godavari (India). Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 81,212-220.
Hamlat A, Guidoum A, Koulala I (2017) Status and trends of water quality in the Tafna catchment: a comparative study using water quality indices. J Water Reuse Desal 7:228–245. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.155.
Kachroud, M.: Trolard, F.: Kefi, M.; Jebari, S.; Bourrie, G. Water Quality Indices: Challenges and Application Limits in the Literature. Water 2019, 11, 361.
Yan, T.; Shen, S.L.; Zhon, A. Indices and models of surface water quality assessment: Review and perspectives. Environ. Pollut. 2022, 308, 119611.
Patki, V. K.; Jahagirdar, S.; Patil, Y. M.; Karale, R.; Nadagoud, A. Prediction of water quality in municipal distribution system. Mater. Today Proc. 2022.
Islam, M.S.; Azadi, M.A.; Nasiuddin, M; Islam, M. S. Water quality index of Halda River, Southeastern Bangladesh. Am. J. Environ. Eng. 2020, 10, 59-68.
Abulhaija, M.M.; Mohammad, A.H. Assessing Water Quality of Kufranja Dam (Jordan) for Drinking and Irrigation: Application of the Water Quality Index. J. Ecol. Eng. 2021, 22, 159-175.
Tokatli, C. Application of water quality ondex for drinking purposes in dam lakes: A case study of thrace region. Sigma J. Eng, Nat. Sci. 2020, 38, 393-402.
Kachroud M, Trolard F, Kefi M, Jebari S, Bourrié G (2019a) Water quality indices: challenges and application limits in the literature. Water 11:361. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020361.
Shah KA, Joshi GS (2017) Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat. India Appl Water Sci 7:1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7.
Zolghadr, M.; Zomorodian, S. M. A.; Fathi, A.; Tripathi, R.P.; Jafari, N.; Mehta, D.; Sihag, P.; Azamathulla, H. M. Experimental Study on the Optimum Installation Depth and Dimensions of Roughening Elements on Abutment as Scour Counter measure. Fluids 2023, 8, 175.
Mehta, D. J.; Yadav, S. Meteorological drough analysis in Pali District of Rajasthan State using standard precptation index. Int. J. Hydrol. Sci Technol. 2023, 15, 1-10.
Federation, W. E. and Association, A., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA, 2012. 22.
WHO Guidelines for Drinking- Water Quality. Third Edition Volume 1. Recommendation World Health Organisation. Geneva. (2004).
Paun I, Cruceru L, Chiriac FL, Niculescu M, Vasile GG, Marin NM (2016) Water quality indices—methods for evaluating the quality of drinking water. In: Proceedings of the 19th INCD ECOIND International Symposium—SIMI 2016, “The Environment and the Industry”, Bucharest, Romania, 13–14 October 2016: 395–402. https://doi.org/10.21698/simi.2016.0055.
Tripathi M, Singal SK (2019) Allocation of weights using factor analysis for development of a novel water quality index. Ecotox Environ Safe 183:109510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109510.
Jena V, Dixit S, Gupta S (2013) Assessment of water quality index of industrial area surface water samples. Int J Chemtech Res 5:278–283.
Yogendra K, Puttaiah ET (2008) Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban waterbody in Shimoga Town, Karnataka. Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th world lake conference 342: 346.